According to Etymology Online, the term was first attested in 1706 meaning amnot, and it was used with that sense until the early 19th century, when it began to be used as a generic contraction for arenot, isnot, etc. in the Cockney dialect of London. It was then "popularized by representations of this in Dickens, etc., which led to the word being banished from correct English."
The shift from to parallels a similar change some dialects made to can't. In other dialects, the pronunciation shifted to , and the spelling aren't, when used to mean “am not”, is due to the fact that both words are pronounced in some non-rhotic dialects. Historically, ain't was present in many dialects of the English language, but not in the southeastern England dialect that became the standard, where it is only found in the construction ain'tI.
As a contraction of havenot and hasnot, ain't derives from the earlier form han't, which shifted from to , and underwent h-dropping in most dialects.
Modern English dictionary
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