From Ukrainian ковбаса́ ("sausage"), a very early Slavic borrowing with no clear antecedent.
The Slavic variants (including Polish kiełbasa, whence kielbasa) point to several reconstructed forms from Proto-Slavic *kъlbasa, *klobasa, *kobasa. It is considered most likely to be borrowed from Proto-Turkic *kül + *bastï; compare Turkish külbastı ("roasted meat"), basmak.
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