In philosophy, the word is loaned in its capacity as a technical term in Aristotelianism, in English usage following Alexander Grant, The Ethics of Aristotle (1857).
In classical thermodynamics, the term is coined as translating German Werk. Rudolf Clausius (1864) made a technical distinction between and Arbeit, both translating to English "work", and suggested for the purposes of the translation of his terminology into other modern languages.
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